About Department

Head and neck cancers encompass a diverse group of malignant tumors that develop in or around the throat, larynx, nose, sinuses, and mouth. These cancers are typically categorized by the specific area of the head or neck where they originate. Here is an overview of the main types and relevant information:

Types of Head and Neck Cancers

Oral and Oropharyngeal Cancer

• Oral cancer affects the lips, tongue, gums, inner lining of the cheeks, roof and floor of the mouth.
• Oropharyngeal cancer involves the oropharynx, which includes the back of the mouth, the base of the tongue, and the tonsils.

Laryngeal and Hypopharyngeal Cancer

• Laryngeal cancer occurs in the larynx (voice box).
• Hypopharyngeal cancer originates in the hypopharynx, the part of the throat just above the esophagus and trachea.

Nasopharyngeal Cancer

• This type of cancer arises in the nasopharynx, the upper part of the throat behind the nose.

Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity Cancer

• These cancers develop in the sinuses or nasal cavity, the hollow spaces in the bones around the nose.

Salivary Gland Cancer

• This cancer forms in the salivary glands, which produce saliva.

Risk Factors

Several risk factors are associated with head and neck cancers:

• Tobacco use (including smoking and smokeless tobacco) is the most significant risk factor.
• Alcohol consumption, especially in combination with tobacco use.
• Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, particularly linked to oropharyngeal cancers.
• Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), associated with nasopharyngeal cancer.
• Occupational exposures to wood dust, paint fumes, and certain chemicals.
• Radiation exposure to the head and neck area.
• Poor oral hygiene and missing teeth.
• Age, with most cases occurring in people over 50.
• Gender, with men being more likely to develop these cancers than women.

Symptoms

Symptoms of head and neck cancers can vary depending on the specific type and location but may include:

• A lump or sore that does not heal
• Persistent sore throat
• Difficulty swallowing
• Change or hoarseness in the voice
• Unexplained weight loss
• Ear pain or hearing loss
• Chronic nasal congestion or nosebleeds
• Frequent headaches
• Swelling in the jaw or neck

Diagnosis

Diagnosis typically involves a combination of:

• Physical examination of the head and neck area.
• Imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, MRI, and PET scans.
• Endoscopy to visually inspect the inside of the head and neck.
• Biopsy to obtain a tissue sample for pathological analysis.

Treatment

Treatment options vary based on the type, location, and stage of cancer and may include:

• Surgery to remove the tumor.
• Radiation therapy to destroy cancer cells.
• Chemotherapy to kill or slow the growth of cancer cells.
• Targeted therapy that focuses on specific molecules involved in cancer growth.
• Immunotherapy to boost the body’s immune system to fight cancer.
• Rehabilitation to address speech, swallowing, and nutritional needs post-treatment.

Prognosis

The prognosis for head and neck cancers depends on several factors, including the cancer’s type, location, stage, and the patient’s overall health. Early detection and treatment are crucial for improving survival rates and outcomes.